Month: December 2024

Step-1: Activity Diagram:

• A flowchart that visually represents the sequence of activities and decisions in a process or project. It shows the flow from one activity to another but lacks time or resource detail.
• Used primarily in UML (Unified Modeling Language) for software modeling.

Step-2: Network Diagram:

• A graphical representation of a project’s activities and their dependencies. It shows the order and sequence of tasks using nodes (activities) and arrows (dependencies).
• Two types:
  • AOA (Activity on Arrow) – Arrows represent activities.
  • AON (Activity on Node) – Nodes represent activities (most common).

Step-3: Forward Pass:

• Calculates the earliest start (ES) and earliest finish (EF) times for each activity, beginning at the project start.
• Formula: ES=Max EF of predecessorES = \text{Max EF of predecessor}ES=Max EF of predecessor EF=ES+DurationEF = ES + DurationEF=ES+Duration

Step-4: Backward Pass:

• Determines the latest start (LS) and latest finish (LF) times by moving backward from the project’s end.
• Formula: LF=Min LS of successorLF = \text{Min LS of successor}LF=Min LS of successor LS=LF−DurationLS = LF – DurationLS=LF−Duration

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Differences Between Activity Diagrams, Network Diagrams, and Gantt Charts

Aspect	Activity Diagram	Network Diagram	Gantt Chart
Purpose	Models workflows/processes	Maps activity dependencies	Tracks task schedules over time
Visualization	Flowchart of activities	Nodes (tasks) and arrows (dependencies)	Bars showing task duration and overlap
Time Representation	No time element	Shows project timeline and dependencies	Directly shows duration, progress, and deadlines
Focus	Workflow, software modeling	Critical path and task dependencies	Schedule tracking and resource allocation
Use Case	Software and system modeling	Project planning and scheduling	Project management and tracking progress

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Step-5: Calculating the Critical Path

• Critical Path:
  • The longest path through the network diagram. It shows the sequence of tasks that determine the shortest project duration. Any delay in the critical path delays the project.

Steps to Calculate Critical Path:

1. List all project activities and durations.
2. Identify dependencies (predecessors).
3. Draw the network diagram.
4. Perform forward and backward passes.
5. Calculate slack for each activity.
6. The path with zero slack is the critical path.

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Step-6: Calculating Slack (Float)

• Slack:
  • The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project.
• • Formula:
  • Zero Slack indicates the activity is on the critical path.

Slack = LS-ES or LF−EF

The following things need to be followed

Step [1] – Before Pivot Table Ensure Your Data Correct Format

Ensure your data is structured correctly.

• Format: Use a table or list format with clear headers in the first row.
• No Blank Rows/Columns: Ensure there are no empty rows or columns within the dataset.
• Consistent Data: Data should be consistent (e.g., dates in one column, numbers in another).

Step [2] –

[2.1] – Select the Data: Highlight the entire dataset (including headers).

[2.2] – Go to “Insert” Tab: Click on the “Insert” tab in Excel.

[2.3] – Choose Pivot Table:

• Click on “Pivot Table” in the Tables group.

[2.4]- Select Pivot Table Location:

• New Worksheet: Places the Pivot Table in a new sheet. or
• Existing Worksheet: Allows you to specify the location.

Note:: For best result always try to select New Worksheet

[2.5] – Click “OK.”

Step [3] – Build the Pivot Table

Filters (Optional): Add a field to the Filters area to filter data dynamically.

A blank Pivot Table field list appears.

Drag and Drop Fields:

Rows: Drag a categorical field (e.g., Physical store, Country Name) into the “Rows” area.

Values: Drag a numerical field (e.g., List Price, Actual Price) into the “Values” area.

Columns (Optional): Drag another field (e.g., Date) to see data across columns.

Step [4] – Physical Store in Rows & List Price in Values, by default List Price display sum of list price corresponding to physical store.

[4.1] – Grand Total = Sum of all Physical Store List Price

[4.2] – Right Click any of (rows) Numeric value of (Sum of List Price)–>display

• Sort
• Summarize Values By
• Show Values At

[4.3] – Summarize Values By

[a] – If Select Summarize Values By –> Count , result as

[b] – If Select Summarize Values By –> Average , result as

Once Select — Summarize Values By –> Average

[c] – If Select Summarize Values By –> Max , result as

Once Select — Summarize Values By –> Max

[d] – If Select Summarize Values By –> Min , result as

Once Select — Summarize Values By –> Min

[4.4] – Show Values As

–Once Select — Show Values As –> % of Grand Total

[4.5] – Sort->Smallest To Largest or Sort->Largest To Smallest

[a] Sort->Smallest To Largest result

[b] Sort->Largest To Smallest result